Historical development of internet 1

The history of internet The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The US Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research Institute (SRI). Packet switching networks such as the NPL network, ARPANET, Tymnet, Merit Network, CYCLADES, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of communications protocols. Donald Davies first demonstrated packet switching in 1967 at the National Physics Laboratory (NPL) in the UK, which became a test-bed for UK research for almost two decades. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks. The Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) was developed by Robert E. Kahn and Vint Cerf in the 1970s and became the standard networking protocol on the ARPANET, incorporating concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the Computer Science Network (CSNET). In the early 1980s the NSF funded the establishment for national supercomputing centers at several universities, and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which also created network access to the supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the very late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990, and the NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. In the 1980s, research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee resulted in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an information system, accessible from any node on the network. Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture, commerce, and technology, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as JANET in the United Kingdom and Internet2 in the United States. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet's takeover of the global communication landscape was almost instant in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, already 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007. Today the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking. Internet history timeline Early research and development: 1965: NPL network planning starts 1966: Merit Network founded 1966: ARPANET planning starts 1967: NPL network packet switching pilot experiment 1969: ARPANET carries its first packets 1970: Network Information Center (NIC) 1971: Tymnet packet-switched network 1972: Merit Network's packet-switched network operational 1972: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established 1973: CYCLADES network demonstrated 1974: Telenet packet-switched network 1976: X.25 protocol approved 1978: Minitel introduced 1979: Internet Activities Board (IAB) 1980: USENET news using UUCP 1980: Ethernet standard introduced 1981: BITNET established Merging the networks and creating the Internet: 1981: Computer Science Network (CSNET) 1982: TCP/IP protocol suite formalized 1982: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 1983: Domain Name System (DNS) 1983: MILNET split off from ARPANET 1985: First .COM domain name registered 1986: NSFNET with 56 kbit/s links 1986: Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 1987: UUNET founded 1988: NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1) 1988: OSI Reference Model released 1988: Morris worm 1989: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 1989: PSINet founded, allows commercial traffic 1989: Federal Internet Exchanges (FIXes) 1990: GOSIP (without TCP/IP) 1990: ARPANET decommissioned 1990: Advanced Network and Services (ANS) 1990: UUNET/Alternet allows commercial traffic 1990: Archie search engine 1991: Wide area information server (WAIS) 1991: Gopher 1991: Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) 1991: ANS CO+RE allows commercial traffic 1991: World Wide Web (WWW) 1992: NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3) 1992: Internet Society (ISOC) established 1993: Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) 1993: InterNIC established 1993: AOL added USENET access 1993: Mosaic web browser released 1994: Full text web search engines 1994: North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG) established Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet: 1995: New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs 1995: NSFNET decommissioned 1995: GOSIP updated to allow TCP/IP 1995: very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) 1995: IPv6 proposed 1996: AOL changes pricing model from hourly to monthly 1998: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) 1999: IEEE 802.11b wireless networking 1999: Internet2/Abilene Network 1999: vBNS+ allows broader access 2000: Dot-com bubble bursts 2001: New top-level domain names activated 2001: Code Red I, Code Red II, and Nimda worms 2003: UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I 2003: National LambdaRail founded 2004: UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) 2005: UN WSIS phase II 2006: First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum 2010: First internationalized country code top-level domains registered 2012: ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names 2013: Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation 2014: NetMundial international Internet governance proposal 2016: ICANN contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, IANA oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st Examples of Internet services: 1989: AOL dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser 1990: IMDb Internet movie database 1995: Amazon.com online retailer 1995: eBay online auction and shopping 1995: Craigslist classified advertisements 1996: Hotmail free web-based e-mail 1997: Babel Fish automatic translation 1998: Google Search 1998: Yahoo! Clubs (now Yahoo! Groups) 1998: PayPal Internet payment system 1999: Napster peer-to-peer file sharing 2001: BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing 2001: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2003: LinkedIn business networking 2003: Myspace social networking site 2003: Skype Internet voice calls 2003: iTunes Store 2003: 4Chan Anonymous image-based bulletin board 2003: The Pirate Bay, torrent file host 2004: Facebook social networking site 2004: Podcast media file series 2004: Flickr image hosting 2005: YouTube video sharing 2005: Reddit link voting 2005: Google Earth virtual globe 2006: Twitter microblogging 2007: WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks 2007: Google Street View 2007: Kindle, e-reader and virtual bookshop 2008: Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) 2008: Dropbox cloud-based file hosting 2008: Encyclopedia of Life, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species 2008: Spotify, a DRM-based music streaming service 2009: Bing search engine 2009: Google Docs, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service 2009: Kickstarter, a threshold pledge system 2009: Bitcoin, a digital currency 2010: Instagram, photo sharing and social networking 2011: Google+, social networking 2011: Snapchat, photo sharing 2012: Coursera, massive open online courses Source: Wikipedia.com How to Compose and Send an Email. Let me use Gmail as my case study. Using Gmail for your small business makes a lot of sense. It's a secure system. It's free. And it integrates well with other Google tools. It won't be much use if you don't know how to send Gmail messages, though. You need to know how to send information to others. You need to know how to attach or insert information into your emails when needed. You also need to know how to forward a message you receive or copy others on a message you are sending.  How to Send an Email on Gmail  Step 1: Open Gmail Start by opening your Gmail inbox. Step 2: Create a New Gmail Message From the open Gmail inbox, click the Compose button in the upper left of the screen. The New Message form displays. Before we begin filling out the New Message form, you can maximize it on your screen by clicking the Maximize icon in the upper right corner of the screen (it looks like two diagonal arrows). Step 3: Fill Out the New Message Form On the New Message form there are four basic areas to fill out: the To field the From field the Subject field the body of the message There are also links in the upper right corner of the New Message form that allow you to copy others on the message. How to Fill Out the To Field The first field to fill out is the To field. Type the email address of the individual you want to receive your message. The email address needs to be exact. How to Fill Out the From Field The From field defaults to the Gmail address you are using to create the message. You cannot change it unless you have combined your email address with other email addresses. How to Fill Out the Subject Field The next field to fill out is the Subject field. The Subject field is a brief description of the message. It displays in the recipient's inbox before they open the message. Be careful what you type into the Subject field. Typing an unprofessional subject line or leaving the subject line blank could get your message filtered to your recipient's Spam folder. How to Send Copies on Gmail You can send a copy of your message to additional recipients. There are two ways to do this: By adding Cc recipients. Cc recipients are often added to a message for informational purposes only. For example, if ABC project affects your project you may be a Cc recipient to messages about ABC project even when there is no need for you to respond to those messages. By adding Bcc recipients. Bcc stands for blind copy. When you blind copy a recipient onto a message, no one will be able to tell that they are receiving a copy of the message but you and that person. To activate the Cc and Bcc options, place your cursor in the To field. The Cc and Bcc options appear in the upper right corner of the New Message form. To open the Cc field, click the Cc option. The Cc field displays below the To field. Type the email addresses of any individuals you want to receive a copy of the Gmail message into the Cc field. To open the Bcc field, click the Bcc option. The Bcc field displays below the Cc field. Type email addresses of any individuals you want to be blind copied onto the Gmail message in the Bcc field. You are now ready to start building the body of your new Gmail message. Step 4: Build Your Message In addition to typing the text of your message, you can control the way your message looks. You can send attachments or even money with your message. Start by typing the text of your message below the subject line. Now, to start typing the text of my status report, however, the message is not complete. I need to add formatting, attach a file from my computer, and embed a URL. Let's take a look at how to add those elements to the email, and more. How to Incorporate Formatting in Gmail Gmail's formatting options appear in a menu at the bottom of the New Message form. If they are not visible, click the Formatting options icon (it looks like an underlined Capital A) next to the Send button. From left to right, the Formatting options are: font size bold italic underline font color align font numbered list bulleted list indent less indent more quote remove formatting To apply a Formatting option place the cursor next to the text you want to format. Drag the cursor across the text to select it. Once your text is selected, click the Formatting option you want to apply to the selected text. How to Attach a File from Your Computer To attach a file from your computer or from Google Drive, click the Attach files icon (it looks like a paperclip) at the bottom of the New Message form. Windows explorer opens. Select the file you want to attach to your message. Click the Open button to attach it. Note: There is an attachment size limit in Gmail. Your attached files cannot have a total size of over 25 MB. That means a single file cannot be over 25 MB in size, or a group of files cannot add up to over 25 MB. Also, you cannot attach files with a .exe extension since this type of file may contain a virus. There are, however, multiple effective methods for sending large files outside of Gmail.  How to Insert a Link into Your Gmail Message You can also insert an email link or a URL into your email message. To insert a link, place your cursor in the text where you want the link to be and click the Insert link icon (it looks like a chain) in the Formatting Options menu. The Edit link box appears: In the Text to display field, type the text you want to appear over the link. Next, choose whether the link should be a web address or an email address: To choose a web address, click the circle next to Web address and type the URL. To choose an email address, click the circle next to Email address and type the email address. If you want to, you can test the URL address by clicking Test this link. Click the OK button when you are done. The hyperlink is inserted into your message. How to Add an Emoji to Your Email To add an emoji to your message, click the Insert emoji icon (it looks like a smiley face) from the Formatting options menu. The Emoji selection box displays. You can use the scroll bar to the right of the box or the emoji type icons across the top of the box to find more emojis. When you find the emoji you like, click it and it is inserted into your Gmail message. Tip: Keep in mind professional email guidelines if you're sending a business message, as emoticons can come off as immature in the wrong context.  How to Incorporate a Photo into the Message You can include a photo in the body of your message. To display the Upload Photos box, click the Insert Photo icon (it looks like a camera) on the Formatting options menu. There are three ways you can select a photo to insert into your message: upload the photo using Drag and Drop from your desktop choose the photo through Windows explorer use an image URL (web address) Once you've selected an image, click the Insert button in the lower left corner of the Upload Photos box. How to Send Money If you have a Google Wallet account, you can even send and request money through Gmail. To access this feature, click the Send and request money icon (it looks like a dollar sign). Follow the prompts on the screen to send or request money. Note: You cannot use this feature if you are sending the email message to more than one person. Step 5: Review Your Message Before you send your new Gmail message you should review it carefully. Make sure that it says what you want it to say and that the information is correct. Gmail also provides a way for you to check spelling errors. If your message is not quite complete, you can save it as a draft. If you decide not to send the message you've created you can save it as a draft as well. Let's take a look at each of these options. How to Check Spelling in Gmail To check the spelling in your message, click the down arrow in the lower right corner of the New Message box. The More options submenu displays. Click Check spelling: Errors in your message are highlighted in yellow. Correct your errors. Click the Recheck button after you're done. How to Save as a Draft in Gmail It's not difficult to save your message as a draft. Simply click on the X in the upper right corner of the New Message box. Your message is saved in the Drafts folder and the New Message box closes. How to Discard a Message With Gmail If you decide to not ever send your new Gmail message, you can discard it. Click the Discard draft (it looks like a trashcan) icon in the lower right corner of the New Message box. Step 6: Send Your Message in Gmail You are now ready to send your message. How to Send a Gmail Message When you are ready, it's not difficult to send your new Gmail message. Click the Send button in the lower left corner of the New Message box. A message displays notifying you that your message has been sent. How to Forward a Message on Gmail A variation of sending a message is forwarding a message. You can only forward a message that you have already sent or that you have received. You can find messages you have already sent in your Sent Mail folder. Open the message you wish to forward. Click the arrow in the right corner of the message. A drop-down menu displays. Click the Forward option. Type the email address of the person you wish to forward the message to in the To field. Type any additional information you wish to include in the body of the text. Notice that Gmail adds a header to the original message that includes the email address of the original sender as well as the date and time it was sent. When you are ready to send the forwarded message, click the Send button in the lower left corner. How to Reply to a Message in Gmail A variation of sending a message is replying to a message. You can only reply to a message that you have already sent or that you have received. You can find messages you have already sent in your Sent Mail folder. Type any additional information you wish to include in the body of the text. Click the Send button in the lower left corner. Note: Carefully review the original recipients of the message. Unless you manually delete those recipients you do not want to respond to,from pathdonofficials